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A new advancement in medical robotics promises to simplify complex endovascular procedures with the development of a novel hydraulic system designed to control a small robotic probe. Biomedical engineers have created a cutting-edge soft robotic system that operates without the need for electricity or motors, potentially reducing costs and increasing precision in surgical applications.
Developed by the UNSW Medical Robotics Lab under the leadership of Dr Thanh Nho Do, the innovative system employs hydraulics to drive ‘artificial muscles,’ which enable a flexible robotic arm to move with agility in multiple directions. This system, known as the Soft Fibrous Syringe Architecture (SFSA), is detailed in a recent publication in the journal Advanced Science.
The SFSA system stands out due to its simplicity and functionality. Instead of relying on complex electrical components like motors, microcontrollers, valves, and rigid pumps, the SFSA uses a straightforward mechanical approach. This design significantly reduces the system’s complexity and dependency on power sources, making it easier to build, maintain, and operate. The system’s simplicity also enhances reliability and reduces the likelihood of failure.
A notable application for the SFSA is in controlling microcatheters used in intricate endovascular procedures. The system’s flexible design allows for precise manipulation of these tools, which is crucial in scenarios such as endoscopic surgeries or the urgent removal of blood clots during stroke treatment. The ability to operate with smaller, lighter devices improves the precision and effectiveness of these procedures.
The SFSA comprises two types of soft artificial muscles: ‘master’ and ‘slave.’ These muscles are constructed from rubber tubes reinforced with spiral coils of strong fibres. The master muscle functions like a traditional medical syringe but lacks a sliding plunger, effectively acting as a ‘soft syringe.’ Meanwhile, the slave muscle serves as the flexible actuator responsible for movement.
Hydraulic pressure changes induced by stretching the master muscle cause the slave muscle to contract and produce movement. This mechanical arrangement minimises the need for expensive electronic components, lowering production costs and enhancing the system’s reliability and safety by reducing potential electrical issues.
The SFSA system’s built-in sensing capabilities add another layer of functionality. It can detect forces and surface textures, allowing medical professionals to accurately identify and operate on abnormal or excessive cells, such as tumours. This sensing feature is pivotal for tasks such as stiffness detection of neoplasms, surface mapping, and texture detection, providing valuable feedback during surgical procedures.
Another significant advantage of the SFSA is its ability to minimise tremors. The system can be finely tuned to scale down input motion, effectively reducing any small hand tremors from a surgeon. This characteristic is particularly beneficial for microsurgery, where precision is critical.
The SFSA technology utilises off-the-shelf materials, which not only lowers costs compared to traditional electric control systems but also simplifies the system’s design. Its lack of reliance on electricity and motors means it is more adaptable to environments with limited or no power sources. This feature also makes the SFSA system suitable for use in remote locations or even in space where traditional robotic systems might be impractical.
Future developments include integrating the SFSA system with a soft wearable glove, which would provide real-time haptic feedback to the user, further enhancing control and precision. The researchers are focused on refining the materials and design of the SFSA system to improve performance, ensure reliability, and secure regulatory approvals for real-world medical applications.
The SFSA system represents a significant leap forward in soft robotic technology, offering a robust, cost-effective alternative to traditional electric-controlled systems. Its flexible design, built-in sensing, and minimal reliance on electronic components make it an exciting development for advanced surgical procedures and other applications where precision and reliability are paramount.
